Macluumaad ku saabsan shaybaadhka PCR (WQ: Mudasir H. Adam)

PCR waxa ikhtiraacay saynisyahan la odhan jiray Karry Mullis san oo maraykan ahaa sanadkii 1983,  oo dhintay sanadkii ina dhaafay ee 2019. Aqoonta dunidu waxay intaa kujirtaa dedaal ah sidii loo horumarin lahaa, markaa PCR waxaa uu aqoonta caafimaadka kusoo kordhiyay horumar aad u wanaagsan, waxaanay taasi keentay in manta PCR loo isticmaalo baadhitaano badan oo kala duwan sida, xaqiijinta cudurada, baadhitaanada danbiyada (Forensic Medicine), sida dilka iyo kufsiga. Sidookale in la ogaado tirade virus kujirta qof bini adama jidhkiisa (Viral Load), iyo ta ugu muhiimsan oo ah inuu sheegikaro Hida sidaha aabaha iyo hooyada ee ubadka.

 

Hadaba PCR muxuu kaga duwanyahay baadhitanda kale?

Marka cudur la baadhayo siyaabo kala duwan ayaa shaybaadhka loo adeegsadaa iyadoo ay ku xidhantahay hadba heerka technologyga uu isticmaalayo shaybaadhkaasi, tusaale ahaan marka la baadhayo Covid19, marka qofka laga qaado dhiig shaybaadhku wuxuu sheegi karaa wax layidhaa Antibodies, oo ah unugyo jidhkeena difaaciisu sameeyo marka uu xanuun soogalo jidkhka si ay ula dagaalamaan cudurkaasi, ama waxa uu sheegaa wax la yidhaa Antigen oo ah suntan viruska ama bacteriyadu kusii dayso qofka. Unugyadaasi (Antibodies) waxaa kamid ah Immunoglobulin M (IgM) iyo Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Markaa shaybaadhku wuxuu sheegayaa in dhiigani ay kujiraan Antibodies ah xanuun hebel, markaasaa la odhanayaa qofkii xanuunkaasaa kuhaya ama kaa baxay. Hadaba inkasta oo ay baadhitanada noocan ahi yihiin kuwo marwalba la helo oo qiima ahaana jaban, laakin maaha kuwo lagu go’aan qaato gaar ahaan hadii xanuunkaasi yahay mid halis ah.

 

PCR wuxuu awood uleeyahay in uu qabto hida sidaha viruska laftarkiisa (DNA ama RNA), kadibna wuu farabadiyaa. Xanuun kasta oo lagu baadhayo PCR waxaa loo isticmaala dawooyin ugaar ah cudurkaasi oo loo yaqaan (Reagents). Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo  istcimaalo PCR xiligan waxa kamid ah in qof cudur qaba lala socdo xaaladiisa, tusaale ahaan  qof qaba HIV ama HEPATITIS oo dawo qaata ayaa waxaa larabaa in la ogaado waxtarka dawada ee qofkan jidhkiisa, kadib waxaa la sameeyaa wax layidhaa (Viral Load) oo ah in la tiriyo inta million ee virus kujirta dhiigiisa.

 

Markasta oo baadhis cudur lagu samaynayo  waxaa ugu muhiimsan ee nooca shaybaadhka lagu doortaa  waa laba shay oo lakala yidhaa 1- Sensitivity iyo 2- Specificity. Oo kala ah in uu noqdo mid sheegi kara kaliya cudurka la rabo, ee aan iheegin cudur kale, iyo inuu noqdo mid ah (very Sensitive)  oo aan dhaafayn inta uguyar ee cudurkaasi.

Hadii aan usoo noqdo ujeedada mawduuca PCR, waa technologiyad aad muhiim ugu ah dunida Molecular Biologyga loona isticmaalo waxyaabo badan ookala duwan, marwalbana waxbaa lagu xaqiijiyaa. Waxaa kamid ah waxyaabaha lagu xaqiijio in la ogaado Aabo ama Hooyo ubad ay dhaeen, isagoo sheegaya inay isku hida sidayaal yihiin.

PCR hadaynu is nidhaahno halkan kusoo kooba waxyaabuhuu qabto iyo dunidu sida ay uga faa’iidaysato kumasoo koobi karno. In dalkeenu uu haystaana waa mid aad u muhiima, mana aaminsani sida ninkan odayga ahi sheegayo in uu yahay qalab waxan jirin iska sheeg sheega. Dunida waxaa looga yaqaan (The Gold Standard test) oo micnaheedu tahay Baadhista Dahabka ah oo looga jeedo inuu kawada sareeyo tayo ahaan waxyaabaha kale. In PCRku sheegay in babaay uu qabo cudurka Covid waxaan u arkaa uun dacaayad, sababtoo ah covid-19 lama sheegin ilaa hada in uu ku noolaan karo dhirta. PCRku in uu soo saaro False Positive oo ah qof aan qabin oo uu kusheego inuu qabo cudur aadbay u adagtahay, hadii uu sidaa yahayna loomaba isticmaaleen in lagu ogaado danbiyada waawayn ee dilka iyo kufsigu kamidyihiin.

PCRku Waxa uu xaqiijiyaa in lahelo qof ladilay cidii dishay hadii lahelo dilaagu meel uu taabtay ama tin timihiisa kamid ah, sababtoo ah bini adamka Alle abuuray oo dhami waxay leeyihiin hida sidayaal kala duwan.

 

Iyada oo ay sidaa tahay, ayaa hadana loo baahanyahay goobta lagu isticmaalayo mashiinkani in ay ahaato goob loo diyaariyay oo kuhaboon, sidookale shaqaale aad loogu tababarayna ka shaqeeyaan, iyadoo la ilaalinayo Quality Controlka oo la raacayo Standard Operating Procedures khaas u ah PCRka.

Machinekan PCRka ee manta Somaliand loo keenay waa kuwa ugu dambeeyay uguna casrisan, isla markaana waxaa ilaa hada jooga oo gacanta kuhaya khubaradii ajaanibka ahayd ee lookeenay, iyo khubaradii muwadiniinta ahayd ee markii horeba inoo joogtay Hargeisa Group Hospital, waana wax Ilaahay loogu mahadnaqo. Kaliya laguma kalsoonaan intaasi oo qudha ee waxaa la sameeyay (External Quality Control) oo ah in tayadiisa lagusoo hubiyay meelkale iyadoo dibada loo diray badhitaanadii halkan lagu sameeyay, si loogusoo xaqiiyo.

Hadaba ninkan odayga ahi waxa uu u muuqdaa mid aan aqoon ulahayn waxa uu kahadlayo, sababtoo ah cilmiga saynisku maaha wax la iska mala awaalo, ee waa wax xaqiiq ku salaysan (Itus oo itaabsii). Arintanoo kale waxay keeni kartaa kicin dadwayne, dawladaanay utaalaa inay wax kaqabato.

WQ: Mudasir Halac (Medical Lab. Technologist )

Mudasir H. Adam