Waa qormo ka kooban taariikh iyo tagto hore oo ku saabsan asalka aqoonta caafimaadka iyo nolosha Sayniska. (Medicine and Life Science).
Had iyo goor ummadaha iyo xaddaarad kasta oo dunida soo martay waxa la isku raacay in marka tagtadda la darso ay tusmo iyo tusaale u noqoto xayada maanta taagan. Habka iyo hannaanka ay u farsamayn jirayn ummuuraha adduunyo ee soo wajaha – tabaha iyo tallaabooyinka ay u maarayn jirayn waa casharo u baahan in la darso. Haddaba innaga oo taas ka duulayna, waxa ay qormadeenna maanta ku lafo guri doonaa sida cinwaanka guud ka muuqata: Asalka aqoonta Caafimaadka iyo nolosha Sayniska (Origin of Medicine and Life science).
Ugu horrayn, dhammaan bulshooyinka kala geddisan ee caalamku mid kastaa waxa uu adeegsan jiray tab iyo xeelad ay ku furdaamin jireen xanuunada dadkooda soo rita, iyo waxa jiray hab ay u maarayn jireen dawooyinka jirrooyinkaas soo rita. Bilmtal, Soomaalidii hore waxa ay adeegsan jireen nooc daaweyn u gaar ah iyaga oo la ga falkiyay dhir iyo waxyaabo kale oo la isku daray – maadaama aqoonta Sayniska ee Casriga ah xilligaas deegaanadeenna ka jirin. Waxa aynu ku bilaabi doonaa sebenadii hore sida Masaaridii hore iyo qolyihii Baabiloyooniska oo ahaa masdarka iyo isha ay kasoo farcameen ama kasoo burqan jireen badi aqoonta Sayniska iyo culuumta fanniga ah ee kala duwan.
Inkasta oo qolyihii la odhan jiray Hippocratiska ay ahaayeen aasaasayaashii iyo aabayaashii Caafimaadka. Hippocrat waxa uu ahaa asal ahaan Giriig, waxaana lagu tilmaamaa Aabaha Caafimaadka ( Father of Medicine).
Inkasta oo Masaaridu ka qadiimsan yihiin xaddaaradda Giriiga – [taas waxa caddayn kuugu filan – markii Giriigu booqday Masar, ayaa wadaad reer Masar ah ku yidhi: “idinku Giriig; waxa aad tihiin Dhallaan – taas oo ula jeedo – eegga ayaad caalamka xaddaaradda soo galaysaan”. Xilligaas oo qiyaastii ku beegnayd qarnigii 6-aad BC]. haddana Hippocratiska ayaa ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee aaminay in xanuun kastaa leeyahay sabab dabiici ah.
Dhinaca kale Baabiloyooniska, iyaguna waxa ay sameyn jireen, kahor inta aanay wax daaweyn ah guda gelin, waxa ay eegi jireen nooca danbi ah ee uu galay ruuxa xanuunku ku dhacay, waxa ay rumaysnaayeen in ruuxa jirro ku dhacdo – Eebbe xanuun ciqaab uga dhigayo.
Sidaa daraaddeed Hippocratisku iyagu waxa ay isu arkayeen dhakhaatiir dhab ah oo raba in cudur kastaa leeyahay asal iyo sabab sayniseed (Proper science of Medicine).
Waxa ay isku dayeen in ay raadraacaan kiisas caafimaad oo kala duwan, waraysiyo ayay ka qaadeen bukaanadii, si ay u darsaan islaba roga xanuunka iyo qaabka uu ‘u fidayo. Xumadda (Fever), qaab-dhismeedka jidhka (Body posture), midabka maqaarka, heerkulka jidhka, indhaha, baadhitaanka candhuufta (Sputum), matagga (Vomit), saxarada iyo kaadida.
Arrimahan oo dhan waxa ay ka saacideen Giriigii hore in ay baadhitaan iyo daba gal rasmi ah ku sameeyaan xanuunada kala duwan. (Diagnosis and Prognosis).
Dabagalka iyo kasoo kabashada ama kasoo reyitaanka xanuunka qofka haleela ama in dhakhtarku ku guulaysto in ruuxu xanuunka ka bogsado waxa ay ahaan jirtay mid ka qayb qaadata sumcadda iyo karaamada dhakhtarku ku dhex leeyahay dadkiisa. Bilmatal, dhulkeenna dhakhtar kastaa waxa uu isku dayaa sida ugu dhakhsaha badan in uu isu dhaafiyo ruuxa bukaanka ah (dan kama laha bogsashadiisa toona) way se jiraan dhakhaatiir bukaanadooda daryeela.
Haddaba marka loo eego wadcigii iyo xaaladdii wagaas ay ku sugnaayeen xaddaaraddii Giriiga ee hore, qaabkii ay ula tacaali jireen xanuunada – ayaa haddana waxa aad la fajacaysaa agabka, aqoonta iyo qalabku sida uu gobaabsiga ugu ahaa iyo sida ay u maarayn jireen xanuuno badan oo halis iyo saf-mar ah.
Haddaba haddii aynu kusii socono aqoontii hore ee caafimaadka. Markan waxa aynu eegi doonaa Hippocratiskii hore iyo waxa ay ka aaminsanaayeen qaab-dhismeedka jidhka bini’aadmka. Waxa ay rummaysnaayeen in waaxyaha jidhka bini’aadamku ka kooban yahay afar shay oo loo yaqaan Humours: (Kulayl), (Qabow), (Qalayl), (Qoyaan). Hot, Cold, Wet, dry. Ama haddii si kale loo dhigo waa afar dareere: Black bile, Yellow bile, phlegm, iyo Blood.
Inkasta oo ay isku maandhaafsanaayeen waxa saxda ah ee jidhka bini’aadamku ka kooban yahay (Exact constitution of human body) haddana dhammaantood hal mid ayay ka sinnaayeen oo ah in haddii mid kamid dareerayaashan dheelli ku yimaaddo – jirraduna markaas bilaaban doonto. (Health was balance of the constituents, imbalance of constituents is the disease).
Wax fikrad ah kamay haysan waxyaabaha loo yaqaano Bakteeriyada, Fayraska, iyo in mararka qaar xanuunku qofka dibadda kaga iman karo oo kasoo weerar tegi karo.
La soco qeybta 2-aad ………..
Dr Abdirahman Abdillahi Aden, waa dhakhtar ku sugan magaalada Addis Ababa ee caasimadda dalka Itoobiya, waa dhakhtar bartay cilmiga caafimaadka. Waa qoraa wax ka qora ummuuraha Caafimaadka, diinta iyo falsafadda.
Waxaad kala soo xidhiidhi kartaan: Wehelalle3@gmail.com Twitter: @AdenDheere04 Facebook Account: Sayid-Abdirahman Abdillahi
Tixraac:
By far the best general introductions to ancient science are G.E.R. Lloydโs Early Greek Science to Aristotle (1970) and Greek Science after Aristotle (1973). A little old, but still a useful introduction, is S. Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks (1956).
Philosophy and science were very much intertwined in the ancient world. A useful introduction to Greek philosophy is the Routledge History of Philosophy, vols 1 (1997) and 2 (1999), and a more extended introduction can be found in W.G.C. Guthrieโs History of Greek Philosophy in six volumes (1962โ81).
The Cambridge Companions series is a useful way of finding out current thinking on various philosophers. While they concentrate on philosophy, there is always some useful material on ancient science as well. There are Cambridge Companions to Early Greek Philosophy, ed. D. Sedley (1999); Plato, ed. R. Kraut (1992); Aristotle, ed. J. Barnes (1995); and Hellenistic Philosophy (forthcoming).