EDGE OF Chaos, waxa uu ka kooban yahay, 296 bog, 8 cutub, waxaa qortay Dambisa Moyo oo ah dhaqaalayahanad abaal marino ku guulaysatay, waxay kaloo qortay buugta kale, ee Dead Aid iyo Winner Takel All waxaay ku soo baxday 100 qof ee ugu saamaynta badan dunida ee uu daabacay Time, waxay si joogto ah wax ugu qortaa Wall Street and Financial Times waxaanay degentahay New York.
Ku dhawaad 30 sano ka hor, Dayrkii Berline ayaa dumay. Waxaa la galay wakhti qalalaasee, qask iyo cakirnaan ka jirtay midawgii Sofiat ay dhamaatay oo lana xakameeyay. Waxaan soo ifay suuq hanti goosi dimuqraadiyad ku sale, oo cusub oon keliya ka soo muuqan Midawgii Soofiyatka ee guud ahaan ka soo muuqday dunida soo koraysa, taasoo u suuragelin karta ladnaan dhaqaale iyo nabad muwaadiniintooda.Falanqeeyayaasha iyo dhaqaale yahanadu waxay aamin sanaayeen in dhamaadka shuuciyadu ay ku xigi doonto cahdi degenaansho iyo koriin dhaqaale ahi. Hadana in ka yar sodon sano ka dib, dhamaan calaamaduhu waxay tilmaamayaan duni markale Girgirkii qaska taagan.
Wadamada Qaniga ah iyo kuwa faqiirka ahba, dadku waxay rabaan is bedel. Waxay dalbanayaan siyaasado noloshooda hagaajiya: Tacliin Wanaagsan,Daryeelka caafimaadka oo la ha-gaajiyo iyo shaqooyin badan – si dhakhso ah. Calaamadaha halista ahi se, waxa weeye in siyaasad dejiyayaashu aanay awoodba u lahayn inay sameeyaan koriin dhaqaale oo xoogle, joogtoobi karana- ugu yaraan inta fikirka siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee hada lagu fooganyahay.
Dhaqaale ahaan, koriingka (dhaqaale) wuxuu yareeyaa fakhriga waxaanu kor u qaadaa heerka nolosha; siyaasiyan koriinku (dhaqaale) wuxuu lama huraan u yahay (sine qua non) xoriyada suuqa, dadka, iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga; qof ahaan (individualy), koriinku wuxuu kaloo daruuri u yahay inuu u ogolaado dadku inay xoojiyaan awoodooda ( miximize their potentials)
Ronald Reagen ayaa mar keenay su’aal ah: naftaada waaydii, inaad dhaanto sidaad ahayd 4 sano ka hor?
Xadiga lacageed ee uu soo saaro dhaqaale – GDPgeeda- ayaa noqday cabirka ugu waafisan ama ugu wanaagsan ee lagu eego badeecada iyo aadeega sanadkaas (goods and services)
Xadidaas (limitation) kastuu leeyahayna, ma jiro hab raac dhaama ilaa maanta oo lagu qayb qabin karo ama lagu Cabiri karo horumarka dhaqaale ee wadan iyadoo la bar bar dhigayo wadan kale oon ahayn GDP.
Dhaqaalaha dunidu keliya wuxuu guulaysan karaa hadii dadka siyaasada dejiyaa (policy makers) aay u qoondeeyaan qayb wayn oo khayraadkooda ah mashaariicda raandhiiska leh ee wakhtiga fog(long term projects).
Professors Jaamacada Hardvard ka tirsan ( Carmen Reinhart iyo Kenneth Rogoff) ayaa cilmi baadhis ku geba -gabeeyay “ marka daynta debedu gaadho 60% GDP, koriinka sanadlaha ah wuxuu hoos u dhacaa 2%”.
Golaha Sirdoonka Qaranka ee Maraykan ayaa diginin ku bixiyay in iska-horimaadyo khayraad ku saabsani laga yaabo in dhawaan la filan karo. Agaasimaha Guud ee sirdoonka qaranka Maraykan ayaa diginin ku bixiyay in Biyo yaraanta dhawr wadan gaar ahaan kuwa ku tiirsan Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Mekong, Jordan, Indus, Brahmaputra, iyo Amu Darya.
Sanadka 2050. Lixdii qofba hal qof oo dadka dunida ku nooli waxay noqon doonaan 65 jir ama ka wayn, taasoo la bar bar dhigayo laba iyo tobankiiba hal qof ooy ahayd sanadkii 2015. Gabowga dadka dunida ku nooli wuxuu kor u sii qaadayaa qaybta/qaacidada ku tiirsanaanta (dependency ratio)- tasoo ah, qaacidada hawlgabka markaa loo qiyaaso shaqaalaha.
Waxaynu u soconaa duni ay degan yihiin shaqaale sii yaraanaya kuwaaso si firficooni leh uga qayb qaata koriinka dhaqaale. Xiliga 2050 waxaa jiri doona 64 wadan oo in ka badan 30% dadkoodu ay ka waaynaan doonaan 60 jir. Run ahaan, in ka badan 50% dadka Germany, Spain, Italy iyo Japan waxay noqnon doonaan 60 jir iyo ka wayn. La’aanta xoog da’yar, koriinka dhaqaale wuu istaagi doonaa. Sidaas markay tahay, China wuxuu halis ugu jiraa inuu waynaado intaanu qani noqon, qiyaasaha qaarna waxay soo jeedinayaan kala badh 50% dadka china inay noqon doonaan 50 jir iyo ka wayn sanadka 2050. Saadaalaha qaarna waxay qiyaasayaan in 40% dadwaynaha Japan ay noqon doonaan 60 jir iyo ka wayn sanadka 2060.
Qaramada Midoobay waxay saadaalinaysaa in sanadka 2050 sedexdii qof ee wadadmada Qaniga ah ku nool midkood inuu noqon doono hawlgab halka tobankiiba midna uu noqon doono sideetan jir iyo kawayn.
Lacagta ku baxda Social Security-ga Maraykan waxay ahayd 25% dakhaligooda oo u dhiganta 900 Bilyan sanadkii 2015 halka ay ka ahayd 0.22% Dagaalkii labaad ee Dunida. Horaantii 1900 ku dhawaad 50% dadka maraykan waxay u shaqayn jireen beeraha ama wax si uun ugu xidhan halka maanta in ka yar 2% dadka reer maraykan ay ka shaqeeyaan beeraha.
Gordon wuxuu ku sharaxay in xiliyada hoos u dhaca iyo koriinka xooga lihi aay ku sidkan yihiin xiliga sadexdii kacaan wershedood: ka ugu horeeyay oo aay hogaaminayeen tareenka iyo Steamku; ka labaad oo aay hogaaminayeen Laydhka, Shidaalka iyo isgaadhsiinta , iyo ka sadexaad oo aay hogaaminayeen computerada iyo mobilesku.
Mabaadiida caalamiyaynta waxaa lagu ilaaliyay/qeexay (enshirined) isu tanaasulkii Washington (Washington consensus) taasoo uu isu ururiyay dhaqaale yahan john Williamson sanadkii 1990. William wuxuu xooga saaray xoriyada Ganacsiga ee adeega iyo alaabta (goods and Services), xuduud ka gudubka lacagta ( capital flows), isu socodka dadka iyo mudnaanta (preeminence) doorka shirkada gaarka loo leeyahay kaasoo noqon doona matoorka dhalinaya guulaha dhaqaale. Kuwani waxay noqdeen Templateka siyaasada dhaqaale (economic policy) ee in ka badan 25 sano.
Si hadaba aynu u fahano xaqiiqooyinka aynu wajahayno, waxaa mudnaan leh eegida waxa caalamiyayntu ay u tahay rasmi ahaan (practically) Caalamiyaynta waxaa loo arki karaa dhinac ahaan duni dalalku kala wada xidhan yihiin oo mid waliba ka kale ka xidhan yahay (isolated states from one another), halka dhanka kalena looga arki karo caalamiyayn buuxda taasoo aay calaamad u tahay xadidaad la’aan buuxda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo isu gudubka, Alaabada, Adeega, lacagta (capital) iyo dadka. Caadi ahaan, xidh-xidhnaan buuxda iyo caalamiyayn buuxda waa mabaa’dii sare uun ( abstract principals) , midkoodna umajiro si dhamaystiran waaqac ahaan. Guud ahaan, wadamada badankoodu waxay ku hawlgalaan wax u dhexeeya labadan kala durugsan ( the two extreme sides of globalization), iyagoo aqbalaya hab meel dhexe ah (middle of the road) fur furnaan iyo caalamiyayn aan dhamaystirnayn.
Protectionismku waay kordhaysaa waxaa hogaaminaya Maraykanka iyo G20 waxay ku soo rogeen 644 kala faquuqid ganacsi( discriminatory trade measures) wadamo kale sanadkii 2015 sida ay qortay Global trade Alert.
4 March 1933, khudbadiisii madaxwayne ee ugu horaysay Franklin Roosevelt wuxuu ku yidhi: “ xidhiidhkeena ganacsiga ee caalamiga ahi, inkastuu muhiim inoo yahay, laakiin hadana wuxuu si walba ugu sidkan yahay wakhtiga iyo daruurada (point of time and necessity) taasoo Iyana ku sii xidhan saymaynta dhaqaale qaran oo cago adag ku taagan (sound national economy)”. Habka Protectionist-ka ah ee Roosevelt waa caado dhaqan u ah siyaasiyiinta markastoo dhaqaalahooda culays la soo derso ama caadaadis la soo kulmo oo aay dareemaan inay tahay inay talaabo qaadaan. (feel pressed to act).
Mawqifka protectionstku waxaa laga yabaa inuu dadka soo jiito (appealing) iyo in la fahmi karo xiliga dhaw. Laakiin sidaynu aragnay, Maraykan wixii loo bixiyay tacriifadii Smoot- Hawley waa tusaale cad u tahay protectionistka (classic) ku soo rogista cashuur heerkeedu yahay 60% in ka badan 3200 oo badeecadood oo loo soo dhoofiyo Maraykan, Smoot- Hawley waxay gaadheen in yareeyaan GDPga maraykan in ka badan 47 Billion, halkuu markii hore ka ahaa, $104.6 billion in 1929 markii danbena uu ka noqday $57.2 bilyan sanadkii 1933 sida uu qoray US Bureau of economic analysis. Sidaas si la mida, siyaasadahan aragtida gaabani waxay caadi ka ahaayeen wadamada reer Galbeedka sebankaas, hadana waxay weli sii wadaan inay dad badani weli la dhac sanyihiin siyaasadaas ilaa maanta. Xiligan 2016 Maraykanku waxa uu kor u qaaday tacriifada waxa soo degaya. Birta qabawgu dahaadhku ku yahay min 266% ilaa 522%. (Cold rolled steel from China to 522% from 266%).
Imikaba, wadamo badani waxay ilaaliyaan wershadahooda muhiimka iyo shirkadahooda. Sanadii 2013 Raashiya waxay kaalinta dunida ugu saraysay ka gashay wadanka ugu ilaalinta badan (most protectionist) ee dunida qiimaynta aay sameeyeen Global Trade alert, oo ah koox madax banana oo kormeerta Ganacsiga (trade monitoring think thank) Raashiya waxay haaysataa liis 45 wershadayaw ah, oo aay ku jiraan Maaliyada, Saliida/Tamarta,Warbaahinta iyo daabacaada taasoo maalgelin debedeed ay xaga xidhantay ogolaansho dawladeed Maraykana Gudiga maalgelinta debeda ee Maraykan (CFIUS) ayaa qabta shaqo tan oo kale ah. CFIUS waxay warka madaxdiisa gashay 2016, markii Madaxwaynihii Xiligaas Obama uu diiday in Chineesku iibsadaan Shirkad Germala oo chibabka Computerada samaysa oo shirkad Maraykani door ku leedahay. Inkastoo maamulka Obama uu ku sharaxay in ficiladooda ay ku dhiirisay walaac amnigooda qaranka la xidhiidhaa.
Caalamiyayntu waxay ka dhigtaa suuqyada qaar si haboon u shaqeeya. waxay kordhisaa tartanka, waxay fidisaa qaninimada (Wealth) si siman dunida oo dhan. Tani waa suura galnimada iyo balanka (promise) caalamiyaynta buuxda. Laakiin halkii tan laga gaadhi lahaa, siyaasad dejiyayaasha caalamka oo wajahaya falcelinta dalalkooda ayaa dib uga sii guranaya caalamiyaynta iyo wixii aay u taagnaydaba (ideal).
Taariikhda ayaa ka jawaabtay Su’aashii Ra’iisal wasaaraha Britain Harold Mcmilon uu ku asteeyay (jeediyay) khudbadiisii saamaynta badnayd, “dabaysha isbedelka” (wind of change) sidan aan u arko, amuurta ugu wayn ee kalabadhka danbe qarniga labaatanaad waxa weeye in dadka aan weli go’aan san ee Eeshiya iyo Africa ay u janjeedh san doonaan Bari ama Galbeed (swing to east or west).
Ilaa maantaday, (yet to day) in badanoo dhaqaalaha soo koraya, halkaasoo ah 85% dad waynaha dunidu ku noolyahay, ku adkaysiga reer galbeedka ee xuquuqda Siyaasiga ahi inay lama huraan u tahay koriin dhaqaale waa mid aan u qudh-qudhsamin (misplaced). Dad boqolaal milyan kor u dhaafaya oo ku nool dunida soo koraysaa dakhligoodu wuxuu ka yaryahay $1 maalintii. Iyaga dookhooda u dhexeeya raashin iyo xoriyadi waa dood u dhaxaysa degdeg iyo muhiimad yar (urgent and merely important)- tasoo ah wax ku adag dad badan oo ladan kuna nool dunida Galbeedka. Xoriyad siyaasadeed laga yaabaa in loo baahanyahay, laakiin in cunto dul taalo miiska iyo in ruuf ka sareeyo madaxa dadka ayaa wax kastoo kale ka muhiimsan.
1970 ardayda chine ee ka xaadirta iskuuladu sare waxay ahaayeen 28% halka maanta tiradaasi ay taagantahay 94% chine waxa uu fidiyay (delivered) darajo sare oo koriin dhaqaale si wayna hoos ugu dha]igay fakhriga. Keliya hal generation wuxuu ka saaray 300 milyan oo dadkeeda ka mida Fakhri- taasoo qiyaas ahaan la mida, guud ahaan tirade dadwaynaha Maraykan. Xaqiiqo ahaan china wuxuu wajahayaa dhibaatoyin badan ooy ka mid tahay, Wasakhawga, walaaca degaanka, daynta shirkadeheedu ku jiraan taasoo suuqyo badan oo maaliyada lagaga ganacsada werwer ay ka qabaan inay dhaqaalaha dib u ciiriso laakiin qofna kama murmi karo in talaaboyin waa wayn loo qaaday xaga qaninimo dhaqaale (economic prosperity).
Raiisal Wasaaraha Germany Angelo Markel waxaa lagu yaqaan inay xigato sadex tiro: 7, 25 iyo 50. Tirooyinkani waxay ka turjumayaan xaqiiqada in Europe ay qiyaas ahaan 7% dadwaynaha dunida ka tahay, inay 25% ka yihiin GDP dunida, iyo inay bixiyaan 50% caydha dunidu bixiso (world welfare payments) Government social spending Maraykanka iyo Europe marka laysku daro waxay u dhigmaan qiyaas ahaan 12% dadka dunida ku nool, ku dhawaad 55% GDPga dunida, iyo 90% lacag bixinta welfareka ee dunida oo dhan.
Maanta todoba ka mida tobanka shaqaalaysiiye ee ugu waawayn dunidu waa Dawlado. Milateriga maraykan wuxuu shaqaalaysiiyaa ku dhawaad 3.2 milyan qof, taasoo aay soo raacaan Ciidanka chineseka kasoo qiyaas ahaan dhan 2.3 milyan. Waaxda adeegyada Caafimaadka ee ingiriiska (British national Health Services) China NPC, State Grid Corp iyo waaxda Tareenda ee India ayaa Iyana soo raaca kuwan oo in yar ka yar kalana ah 1.7 milyan, 1.6 milyan, 1.5 milyan, 1.4 milyan siday u kala horeeyaan. Shirkada ugu saraysa shaqaalaysiinta ee gaar-loo -leeyahay waa Walmar, shirkad tafaariqle ah oo maraykana, taasoo ka gelaysa liiska kaalinta sadexaad, oo ku dhawaad ay u shaqeeyaan 2 milyan oo shaqaale ah oo dunida dacaladeeda ku kala filiqsan.
Marka seeska hoose la eego, Dawladu sadex door ayay leedahay: Inay bixiso adeegyada dadwaynaha (waxbarashada, Aminga qaranka, Daryeelka Caafimaadka, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha), hirgelinta iyo qaabaynta shuruucda iyo u diyaarsaanaanta farageliyaha maaliyadeed ee ugu danbeeya hadii suuqyadu guul-daraystaan (tusaale ahaan, Samata bixintii dawladeed ee xiligii qalalaasaha dhaqaale ee 2008).
Aragti gaabnida ku sidkan (myopia embedded) hanaanka dimuqraadiyadu wuxuu keenayaa isdiidmooyinka u dhexeeya guulaha yar-yar ee doorashooyinka laga gaadhi karo iyo wajihista carqaladaha dhaqaale ee u baahan in xal laga gaadho.
Iyada oo la tixraacayo warbixinta MCkinsey Global institute, celceliska mudo xileedka hogaamiye siyaasadeed oo ka mida wadadamada ku bahooboay G20 oo loo geeyay Nigeria waxa uu marayaa halkii u hoosaysay abid, isaga oo hoos uga dhacay xiligii dagaalka labaad ka danbaysay min 6 sano sanadii 1946- 3.7 sano maanta.
Waxaa lagu murmi karaa in mid ka mida daciifnimooyinka ugu waa way ee dimuqraadiyadu ay tahay awoodeeda dib u isu habayneed. Dib u habaynta dimuqraadiyadu si kastooy ahaataba waa inay, udub dhexaad u noqoto qorshe guuleed si loo hagaajiyo koriinka dhaqaale iyo qaninimada Dunida (global prosperity)
Waa in wax laga qabtaa si loo saxo dabaqada siyaasiyiinta ee aragti gaabnida xad-dhaafka ahi haysato, lana saxo isdiidmooyinka u dhexeeya carqaladaha dhaqaale ee mudada dheer iyo xili doorasheedka (election cycle)
Ka ilaalinta madaxbanaanida dookhyada dhaqaale culaysyada siyaasiga ah iyo ka tirtirida/Meesha ka saarida si xun u shaqaynta iyo cakirnaanta iyo isfahmi waaga s (dysfunction and gridlock)
Caalamada ugu hubantida badan ee muujinaysa in nidaamku gaadhay girgirkii qalalaasaha (edge of chaos) waxay tahay go’aan qaadasho la’aanta iyo daalka maskaxeed ee indheer-garadka kana muuqda dhaqaalayahanada hormuudka ah iyo muxaliliinta suuqyada ee sebankan aynu joogno.
Dawaladuhu waxay maamulaan dhaqaalaha, siyaasiyiintu waxay sameeyaan shuruucda iyo siyaasadaha shidaaliya dawladaha. Dhaqaalayahanadu waxay dhabarka u riteen canaan ku filan, hadana waa xiligii dabaqada siyaasiyiintu ay wajihi lahaayeen masuuliyadooda ilaalinta caafimaad-qabka dhaqaalahooda iyo baahida deg dega ah ee dib u habayneed- dib- u habayn siyaasadeed.
Siyaasiyiinta Maraykanku waxay jecelyihiin u dabaal dega sida hanaanka dimuqraadiyada maraykan u yahay mid gaara (exceptional) laakiin nidaamkaasi wuxuu inoo muujinayaa waxoogaa kala fur furan iyo kala daadasha ah (wear and tear) qaybo waa wayn ayaa u baahan in dib looga shaqeeyo ama dib loo nashqadeeyo (retooled or redesigned) si taasi ugu ogolaato, hogaamiyayaasha siyaasada dunida inay si sidan dhaanta ayaay ugu diyaarsanaadaan ka jawaabida baahida iyo is ged-gediga ( volatility) qarniga 21aad ee dhaqaalaha dunida iyo doorashooyinkuba mudnaanta leeyihiin. Taasina waa sababta dib u habaynta nidaamka dimuqraadiga ahi uu daruuri u yahay. (absolutely necessary).
Soo jeedimahan waxaa loola jeedaa Dimuqraadiyadaha koray ( mature democracies) sida, Maraykan, Yurubta Galbeed, Canada, Japan, Australia , wadamadani waa kuwa waxa ugu badan ku luminaya hadii dimuqraadiyadu guul daraysato.
Ta koowaad, Siyaasad dejiyayaashu waa inay si wayn isku sidkaan dawladooda iyo ta ka danbaysa siyaasadaha aay dejinayaan tani waa mushkilad dawladaha haysata oo wakhtiga ah (time inconsistency).
,ta labaad, marka Dawlada lagu qasbo tan hore, dib u habaynta labaad ee wayn eey tahay in la sameeyaa waa maaliyada kaanbaynka. Dimuqraadiyaduhu waa inay hirgeliyaan xakamayn adag oo ku wajahan qaadhaanka kaambaynka si loo yareeyo saamaynta wayn ee codeeyayaasha ladani ay ku yeelanayaan doorashada iyo soo saarida siyaasadaha. Wadamo badani hore ayay u xadideen xadiga qof ama shirkadi aay ugu deeqi karto siyaasi iyo in looga baahanyahay daahfurnaan la xidhiidha Meelaha aay ka yimaadeen lacaguhu. Ugu yaraan $2 bilyan ayaa loo ururiyay doorashadii madaxtooyada maraykan- hadii la bar-bar dhigo Franace oo deeqaha kaambaynka iyo sida loo kharashgareeyaba aad loo ilaaliyo, 2017 kaambaynkii Emmanual Macron madaxwaynaha loogu doortay wuxuu helay 9 milyan oo Euro oo uu ka helay 35,000 oo qof, tasoo celcelis ahaan noqonaysa 257 Euro. Qiimaha celiceliska codeeyaha madaxwaynaha France wuxuu ahaa $2.73 halka Maraykan 2016 codeeyaha Hillary Clinton uu ahaa $21.64 iyo Donald Trump na uu ahaa $15.2 todaba jeer ayuu ka badnaa qiimaha codka doorasha France.
Ta sadexaad, si loo hagaajiyo tayada sharci sameeyayaasha, kuwa masuuliyadaha xafiisyada haya waa in la siiyo mushahar u dhigma ka hogaamiyayaasha shirkadaha iyo guno ku xidhan hawlqabad (performance bonus).
Ta afraad, si looga niyad jebiyo siyaasiyiina fikirk-xiliyeedka gaaban (short term thinking) waa in muda doorasheedka wax laga bedelaa si loo dheereeyo mudo xileedka sayaasigu xafiiska joogayo, ujeedada isbedelkani wuxuu noqonayaa si loo helo fiirada siyaasiga (better match political attention) oo u dhexaysa carqaladaha dhaqaale ee mudada dheer iyo gaar ahaan si laysugu miisaamo mudo xileedka siyaasiga ah iyo dhererka xili ganacsiyeedka (business cycle).
Ta shaanad, ee dib u habaynta muhiimka ahi waa in la koriyo dimuqraadiyada. Maraykanka iyo wadamo kale mudo xileedka madaxwaynuhu wuu cayiman yahay ( two terms) laakiin Europe ma xadidna, Talyaanigu waxay madax wayne dooraan karaan instaas oo jeer oo min 7 sano ah! Congressmanka maraykan ee John Dingell ee Michigan ka hawlgabay 2014 markii uu 59 sano iyo 21 cish ka tirsanaa. Robert Byrd, oo isna ka socday west Virgina, ayaa isna ku jiray golaha 57 sano.
Ka lixaad ee dib u habayntu – waa hab kala dir soocaya cida ku haboon inay u orodo xafiis. Dib u habayntani soo soocida tayada waxaa loogu talo galay in lagu reebo hogaamiyayaasha kuwasoo siyaasad uun aragtidoodu tahay sababtoo ah waxaanay lahayn khibrad runa oo dunida kale ah, sidoo kale waxay kor u qaadaysaa tayada kuwa xafiisyada siyaasiga ah qabanaya (as well as upgrade the quality of those who occupy political office). Si loola diriro siyaasiyiinta rug cadaaga ah, dimuqraadiyada waa in loo dhigaa heer iyo hab dadka xafiisyada masuulayadooda qabanaya, in laga rabo musharixiinta inay yeeshaan khibrad shaqo oo aan ahayn ta siyaasada. (political realm).
Ta todbaad, in dib u habayn lagu sameeyo si Dimuqraadiyadu u yarayso kuraasta aan lagu tartamin ama amaanka u ah (non contested or safe seat) ee doorashooyinka Baarlamaanka.
Sideed: waa in la wajaho oo xal loo helo codeeyayaasha sii tiro yaraanaya oo laga dhigo codaynta wax laga rabo qofwalba (mandatory).
Sagaal: dimuqraadiyadu waa inay raadiso sidii loo bari lahaa codeeyayaasha saaymaynta ay yeelanayso siyaasadaha aay kala dooranayaan. Codeeyayaasha waa in la fahansiiyo dookhyada siyaasiga (long term policy choices) ee mudada dheer ay kala dooranayaan, halkii aay ku mashquuli lahaayeen shakhsiyaad iyo xalal mudo gaabana oo meel kaga kac ah. Tan qaabkeeda ugu xag jirsani/fogi, waxa laga yaabaa inay uga baahato codeeyaha inuu yeesho aqoonta siyaasadaha muhiimka amuuraha ku xeeran (knowledge of key public policy issues). Tusaale ahaan, codeeyuhu inuu ka gudbo imtixaan ah (civics test) si uu u codeeyo.
Tobnaad, in kor loo qaado heerka codeeyaha ee dadka aad wax u yaqaan (weighted voting).
Dhaqaale ahaan, sidoo kale dunidu isbedel waynbay samaysay ooy xaga wanaagsan u samaysay, si wayn bay uga qanisantahay maanta, marka loo eego 50 sanno ka hor. Labaatankii sano ee ina dhaafay, Dhaqaalaha dunidu, marka lagu cabiro heerka GDPga, qiyaas ahaan wuu laban laabmay; kasoo bilaw 1996 $43.5 trillion ilaa $77.3 Trillion- taasoo wadamada soo korayaa ay ka yihiin 50% koriinkaas.
GDPga Dunidu wuu sii kordhayaa, GDP marka lagu cabiro calaa (GDP per capita) qofna wuu sii waynaanayaa, faraqa u dhexeeya dakhliga wadamaduna wuxuu marayaa heer cusub kala tagiisu, xiliga qoraalkani socday daynta dunidu waxay taagnayd $217 Trillion (oo u dhiganta 327% of Global GDP) Baanka aduunku wuxuu ku qiyaasay in 55 Wadan qaniimadooda (wealth) ay ka yar tahay ta Bill Gates qayaastani waxay ku salaysantay 2017 (as of 2015), keliya 15 wadan ayaa GDPgoodu ka badan yahay Trillion dollars.
Buugan girgirka qalalaasahu wuxuu diriyaa diginin ku saabsan halista soo socota iyo mushkilada dhaqaale ee dunidu wajahayso iyo sida hogaamiyayaasha iyo siyaasad dejiyayaashu aanay ugu diyaarsanayn mustaqbalka- ee wadamada qaniga iyo kuwa faqiirka ahiba. Wuxuu kaloo si faahfaah san u sheegayaa waxa ay tahay in qabto si looga hortago masiibo dunida ku habsata taasoo ku hogaamin karta dhaqaale xumo iyo qas. Ugu yaraan buugani, wuu u digayaa dunida doodna wuu iba furaya si loo soo celiyo koriin dhaqaale oo dunida ah oo lana joogtaynkaro, si aynu dib uga joog sano girgirka qaska.
