Inkastoo dunidan korkeeda ay ku sugan yihiin xayawaano kala maan iyo muuq duwan , ayaa haddana Eebbe koreeye xayaawaankaas oo idil ka faddilaay aadanaha isagoo u gaar yeelay astaamo cajab iyo ashqaraar leh oo ay kamid yihiin; habka nooluhu u fekero iyo tajribooyinka ay u adeegsadaan masaa’isha dunida guudkeeda yaal.
Eebbe sareeye ayaa u hibeeyay bini’aadamka dabeecado iyo sifooyin kala duwan oo noolaha kale ka geddiyey. Illaa haatan culimada saynisku waxay baadi-goob ugu jiraan habka iyo tubta aadanuhu u fekero ama uga shaqeysiiyo maskaxdiisa./ How Brain Functions?
Marka la fiiriyo awoodda garashada guud ayaa waxa la ogaaday in dhammaan noolaha oo idil , gaar ahaan kuwa loo yaqaan naasleyda (Mammals) , oo bini’aadamku ku jiraan ay isticmaalaan hab loo yaqaan “Circadian rhythm”. Hannaankan ayaa ah isbeddelka kiimiko ee ka dhex dhaca unugyada noolaha gudihiisa afar iyo labaatankii saac ee walba. Isbeddelkan ka dhex abuurma jidhka ayaa waxa maamula laba qurub oo nerves ah oo la yidhaahdo “Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)”, waxayna ku yaalan qeybta maskaxda ee danbe [anterior hypothalamus].
Haddii aad usii dhaadhacdid qaabka maskaxda bini’aadamku u samaysantahay waxaad ogaanaysaa in maskaxda qeybteeda hore ‘frontal lobe [1]’ , gaar ahaan qeybta saddexaad ee loo yaqaan [association areas] , ay tahay goobta iyo barta ku taxalluqda fahanka , fekerka iyo sidoo kale go’aan qaadashada. Barta hoose ka daalaco sawir maskaxda ah.
Marka laga hadlayo falsafadda fekerka iyo nooca ay u shaqeyso ayaa noqotay mid door weyn ku leh laamaha falsafadda iyo kuwa ugu xoogga roon, waxayna tafatirtaa xidhiidka ka dhaxeeya jismiga iyo maanka. Ilaa haatan waxa jira laba mabaadi’a oo iska soo horjeeda oo kala taabacsan bah ku doodda in maanku ka madax-banaan yahay jidhka intiisa kale , iyo qollo rummeysan in maanka iyo jismigu isku lamaan yihiin. (Mind-Body Problems).[2] Fekerka /thought ayay culimada cilmu-nafsigu ku qeexeen qaabka maskaxdu u waajahdo dunida ku xeeran , iyo jaadka ugu habboon ee loo dejiyo mabaadi’ , qorshayaal iyo damacyo kala jaada.
Fekerku wuxuu ka qeyb qaataa isku dubaridka, warbixiniha , hirgelinta ikhtiraac cusub , xallinta khilaafaadka iyo sameynta go’aano cusub. Fekerku waa habka ugu sarreysa garashada waana qeyb kamid ah cilmu nafsiga loona yaqaan ‘‘Cognitive psychology’’.
Daraasad cusub oo dhowaan ay soo saareen khubaro ka tirsan jaamacadda Emory university[3] ee carriga ingiriis ayaa lagu ogaaday in ay jiraan ayawaanno u fekera sida aadanaha oo kale oo loo yaqaan ‘‘chimpanzees’’[4] xayawaankan ayaa ah mid shabaha muuqaalka aadanaha oo kale wuxuuna ku noolyahay galbeedka iyo badhtamaha afrika.[1] Maskaxda ayaa loo qeybiyaa qeyb hore frontal lobe , qeybta danbe , occipital lobe, iyo temporal lobe. Mid kasta waxaa loo asteeyay shaqo u gaar ah. Bilmatal qeybta hore; Frontal lobe ayaa qaabilsan awoodda fahanka garashada iyo go’aan qaadashada. Qeyta danbe ee occipital lobe , oo ah tan ugu yar ayaa qaabilsan muuqaalka , socodka iyo kala soocida midabada kala duwan.
Qeybta jeegada ku taal ee temporal lobe ayaa qaabilsan maqalka , xusuusta , luqadaha iyo sidoo kale awoodnau leh inay soo saarto hadalka.[2] Min-Body Problems: waa aragti uu dhidibada u taagay, Faylasuufkii, xisaabyahankii, iyo saynisyahankii reer france ee la odhan jiray René Descartes. Waa aydhiyoolojiyadd qeexaysa, bal inuu xidhiidh ka dhaxeeyo maskaxda iyo xaaladda fekerka, baraaruga, iyo miyirka qofka. Su’aasha ayaa u dhigan; ‘‘Ma maskaxda ayaa hagta jismiga, mise jismiga ayaa hagga maskaxda’’? ‘‘Mise labaduba way fal-galaan’’?. (Dualism); (Monism). Illaa iyo haatan culimadda falsafadda iyo cilmu-nafsigu way isku maan-dhaafsan yihiin mabaadi’dan. [3]. Daraasaddan oo ay ka qeyb-qaateen machadyada Emory ,Yerkes iyo center for behavioral Neuroscience colleagues, ayaa daaha lagaga rogay in ay jiraan xayawaanno leh garashada aadanaha oo kale . Bilmatal daraasaddan waxa lagu soo bandhigay dhigaallo isbar-bardhig ah oo muujinaya maskaxda aadanaha iyo xayawaanka chimpanzee sida ay ushaqeyaan marka ay deggentahay , middaas oo lagu oggaaday; isu-eekaansho habka ay maskaxdu u shaqeyso ah, iyo kale duwanaansho dhanka tayada garashada ah. [4). Sidaa ku cad buugga Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species’ bogga 36aad , xayawaankan shimbanzee ayaa badanaa laga helaa galbeedka iyo badhtamaha afrika , nooca noolahan ayaa ka mid ahaa tiirarka ugu mugga iyo Daraasaddan ayaa lagu tijaabiyey koox dad ah oo siddeed qof gaadhaysa iyo koox xayawaanka chimpanzee(shimbanzee), ah oo ka kooban shan, iyada oo la isticmaalayo qalabka ‘‘positron emission tomography’’ oo la saarayo maskaxda , kaddibna la marinayo tajribooyin kala duwan.
ugu dambaynna daraasaddan ayaa nuxurkeedu isugu biyo-shubtay in bini’aadamkamaskaxdiisu ka shaqo badan tahay xayawaankan chimpanzee-ka. marka loo fiiriyo dhinac kasta , middaas oo kutusinaysa sida Eebbe ugu fara-yaraytay bini’aadamka.
Figure 1. Jaantus muujinahaya qeybaha kala duwan ee ay ka kooban tahay maskaxda bini’aadamku.
Sida sawirka ka muuqata , waa jaantus soo bandhigaya qeybaha kala duwan ee maskaxda iyo sida ay u nidaamsantahay. Badanaa dadku waxay aaminsanyihiin in hadba inta madaxaagu le’egyahay ay maskaxdaaduna le’egtahay, laakiin aanay waxba ka jirin. Aragti kale oo ku saleysan in nuska hore ee maskaxda (Frontal lobe) ee fidsan ay tusaale u tahay in shaqada maskaxdu halkan u badantahay, maadama qeybta hore ee madaxeenna uu ka yara baaxad weyn yahay kuwa kale cabbir ahaan. Balse, cilmi baadhisyo tiro badan oo la sameeyey ayaa middaas lagu beeniyey.
Tusaale ahaanna , dhammaan qeybaha kala duwan ee maskaxda bini’aadamka ayaa fuliya shaqooyin kala geddisan, laakiin ma kala xaddi badna , middaas oo caddaynaysa in Eebbe si siman u abuuray dadka. Cilmi baadhis ay fuliyeen jaamacadaha kala duwan ee Durham iyo Reading Universities ayaa lagu kashifay in fiditaan (Expansion) ay sameyso qeybta danbe ee maskaxda ee loo yaqaan “cerebellum” ay muhiim u tahay dhanka garashada iyo Feejignaanta.
miisaanka weyn ee uu ay ku qotonto aydhiyoolojiyadda khiyaaliga ku dhisan ee ‘‘dawinism theory’’ amma ‘‘evolution theory’’ ee uu gadh-wadeenka ka ahaa saynisyahankii reer ingiriis ee Charles Darwin. Darwin waxa uu ku dooddi jiray had iyo jeer in aadanuhu ka soo tafiirmay xayawaanno qarniyo tegay dunidan ku noolaa , oo bini’aadamku gebi ahaantiiba yahay xayawaan dhalan-geddismay. wuxuuna tusaale had iyo goor usoo qaadan jiray noolahan chimpanzee oo uu odhan jiray wuxuu shabahaa bini’aadamka . Sidaadaraadeed uu bini’aadamku ka soo farcamay noolahan. Inkastoo Ugu dambayn aragtidani noqotay hal bacaad lagu lisay. bini’aadamka. Xanuuno ku dhaca goobtan ayaa sababa cudduro ay ka mid yihiin Autism [5] iyo Dyslexia.
[6] Akhriste ma ogtahay in cilmiga barashada qaabka ay maskaxdu u shaqeyso uu yahay mid sal ballaadhan , qormo tan oo kale ahna aynnaan kaga gayoon Karin. Laakiin waxan filayaa in wax badan kaaga bidhaameen.
Haddaba su’aasha isweyddiinta mudani waxey tahay: Maskaxda bini’aadamku ma kortaa? Se ma jiraan qaabab dahsoon oo lagu korin karo maskaxda iyo shaqadeedaba? Haa , waxa lagu ogaaday cilmi baadhis ay sameysay university of zurich , sannadii 2010 kii in ay jiraan tajribooyin iyo Ficillo , haddii dadku sameeyan ay maskaxda koritaankeedu istaagahayn.
Waxaa ka mid ah hirglinta amma sameynta waxyaabo naxariis ku duugan tahay. Tusaale, inaad ka damqatid dadka tabaalaysan iyo ka qeyb qaadashada camalada kheyriga ah. Sidoo kale, waxa la ogaaday in akhriska joogtada ah iyo cilmi raadisku ka kow yahay koritaanka maskaxda. Mar haddii aad raacdid qoddobadan kor ku xusan, waxaa la xaqiijiyey in xuubka ku dahaadhan maskaxda ee loo yaqaan (Gray Matter)[7], weliba dhanka midig ee maskaxda,(Right side of temporoparietal junction), ay korayso kadibna ballaadhanayso.
Markale waxaa daaha laga rogay hadba inta xidhiidh-guddeed ee maskaxdu sameyso [ Neuroplasticity], amma [Brain Synapses]— ka ay ka dhigaan, maskaxda mid dabacsan misana fur-furan, awoodna uleh sameynta hal abuur, iyo ikhtiraacidda waxyaabo cusub. Saynisyahano kala duwan ayaa ku doodday in awoodda maskaxda bini’aadamku u leedahay mareeg is-gaadhsiineed oo dhammaystiran misana gudaha maskaxda ka dhaca ay sababto in qofku hanto maan ka heer sareeya dadka intiisa kale.
Daraasad kale oo laga sameeyay jaamacadda California ee carriga mareykanka , ayaa lagu ogaaday in waxyaabaha sababa cuddurka ilowshaha, ee Alzheimer’s disease ee haleela dadka waaweyn ay ka mid tahay hoos-u-dhac ku yimaada qaddarka protein-ka Beta Amyloid ee laga
[5]. Daabacaad ka soo baxday waaxda cimi baadhista saynisyahanada ee [ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science] ayaa tibaaxday in is-beddel iyo khalkhal ku dhaca xilliga korniinka, qeybta maskaxda ee gadaasha xigta loona yaqaan Cerebellum , ay tahay hallis sababi karta cudduro dillaa ah , sida; Autism: oo ah cuddur soo muuqda da’da u dhaxeysa 3 jirka , ahna mid qofka ka dhigaya shakhsi bilaa tabar ah , oo aan awoodin inuu xidhiidh iyo is-dhexgal la sameeyo bulshada ku gedaaman.
[6]. Dyslexia: waa khalkhal ku yimaadda awoodda maskaxdu uleedahay in ay wax akhrido , iyo maskaxda oo awood u yeelan wayda inay soo saarto hadalka iyo tafatiridda luqaddaha. Dhaawac soo gaadha qeybta danbe ee madaxa wuxuu sababi karaa noocyadaas jirrooyinka ah.
[7].Gray matter: waa mid ka mid ah labada xuub ee daboola maskaxda iyo xangulaha(Spinal cord). Sidaa aankor ku sheegay, haddii aad joogtaysid u damqashada dadka tabaalaysan ; iyo taabogelinta cilmi raadis iyo akhris joogta ah, waxaa hubaal ah in isbeddel koritaan uu ku dhacayo maskaxdaada. Sida cilmi baadhistii u danbaysay lagu kashifay, waayo xuubkan ku dahaadhan maskaxdaa oo korniin sameeya , wuxuu kor u qaadaa xusuusta, barashada, feejignaanta , iyo hubsashada.
helo dhiiga. Protein kan oo intii loogu talo galay hoos maraa wuxuu keena in awoodda garashada maskaxdu hoos u dhacdo isla jeerkaasna qofkaas gabow ku yimaado. Laakin warka farxadda leh ayaa ah in dadka ay u sugnaatay aqoonta iyo cilmigu ee ka badbaada aafada jaahilnimada , ay baari ka yihiin cudurkan , sidoo kalena cudurka gabowka deg-dega ahna ka raago.
Dr.Mathew Bamb oo ah khabiir reer Australia ayaa caddeeyay in barashada waxyaabo cusub oo maskaxdu barato ay ka qeyb qaadato in maskaxdu horumar weyn sameyso. Markaas had iyo jeer akhriste isku day inaad maalin kasta wax cusub baratid. bilmatal haddii aanad qormadan imika aad daalacanaysid ee sayniska ku qotonta aanad wax hore ka ogeyn , isku day inaad wax ka fahantid , waxna ka baratid haba yaraatee.
Guntii iyo Gebo-gebedii , qaar ka mid ah bahda culimada sayniska ayaa ku doodday in aannay waxba ka jirin odhaahda ah in aynnu isticmaalno 10% maskaxdeenna , kaddib bay yidhaahdeen markii lagu tijaabiyey tiknoolojiyadda casriga ah sida; [PET] iyo [FMRI] kuwaas oo suurto-geliyay la socodka dhaq-dhaqaaqa maskaxda , waxayna bayaamiyeen in aynnu guud ahaanba istcmaalno maskaxdeena 90%. Middaas oo kahor imaanaysa aragtidii ahayd in sidii la damacsanaa aanu bini’aadamku isticmaalin maskaxdiisa…
Tixraac:
1. Robert A. Barton and Chris Vendetta. Human Frontal Lobes. PNAS, May, 2013.
2. American Researcher, Michael Kaplan 1970s
3. Studies of Harvard Medical School.
4. University Of Queensland, Department of Neuroscience Study.
5. McDermott, Drew (May 14, 1997), ‘‘How Intelligent is Deep Blue’’, New York Times.
6. University of johns Hopkins, Department of neuropsychiatry. Researches of Brain
Function.
Abdirahman Abdillahi Aden
Author & horn of Africa Activist
Documentalist and Academic researcher
Email. C_raxmaan2007@hotmail.com
Face book: Abdi Rahman Abdillahi